What are the differences between sheikh, emir, sultan and caliph?

sultan kingSheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi (Arabic: سلطان بن محمد القاسمي, romanized: Sulṭān bin Muḥammad al-Qāsimī; born 2 July 1939) is an Emirati politician, author, historian, andKUALA LUMPUR – Malaysia’s King, Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar, has left the country for medical treatment, according to his official page..